In Japanese, you can report what someone said, thought, or asked by using the structure:
[Sentence] と Verb ([Sentence] to Verb)
This means "[Subject] Verb-ed '[Sentence]'" or "[Subject] Verb-ed that [Sentence]". The verb is often 言いました (iimashita, "said"), but can be other verbs such as 聞きました (kikimashita, "asked") or 思いました (omoimashita, "thought").
| Japanese | Romaji | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| たけしさんは「行きます」と言いました。 | Takeshi-san wa "ikimasu" to iimashita. | Takeshi said, "I will go." |
| 先生は「静かにしてください」と言いました。 | Sensei wa "shizuka ni shite kudasai" to iimashita. | The teacher said, "Please be quiet." |
| 母は「宿題をしなさい」と言いました。 | Haha wa "shukudai o shinasai" to iimashita. | My mother said, "Do your homework." |
| 妹は「ケーキを食べたい」と言いました。 | Imouto wa "keeki o tabetai" to iimashita. | My younger sister said, "I want to eat cake." |
Notice that the particle は (wa) marks the subject, and 言いました (iimashita) always comes at the end of the sentence.
You can quote exactly what someone said (direct quote) or paraphrase (indirect quote). This impacts the verb conjugation in the quoted sentence, as it needs to agree with the time when the statement was made.
| Japanese (Direct) | Romaji (Direct) | English Translation (Direct) | Japanese (Indirect) | Romaji (Indirect) | English Translation (Indirect) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 彼は「明日来ます」と言いました。 | Kare wa "ashita kimasu" to iimashita. | He said, "I will come tomorrow." | 彼は明日来ると言いました。 | Kare wa ashita kuru to iimashita. | He said that he will come tomorrow. |
| 彼女は「今日は疲れています」と言いました。 | Kanojo wa "kyou wa tsukarete imasu" to iimashita. | She said, "I am tired today." | 彼女は今日は疲れていると言いました。 | Kanojo wa kyou wa tsukarete iru to iimashita. | She said that she is tired today. |
| 社長は「頑張ってください」と言いました。 | Shachou wa "ganbatte kudasai" to iimashita. | The president said, "Please do your best." | 社長は頑張ってくれと言いました。 | Shachou wa ganbatte kure to iimashita. | The president said to do our best. (He wanted us to do our best) |
| 弟は「ゲームを買って!」と言いました。 | Otouto wa "geemu o katte!" to iimashita. | My younger brother said, "Buy me a game!" | 弟はゲームを買ってくれと言いました。 | Otouto wa geemu o katte kure to iimashita. | My younger brother asked me to buy a game for him. |
You can use other verbs like 聞きました (kikimashita, "asked"), 思いました (omoimashita, "thought"), 怒りました (okorimashita, "got angry"), 泣きました (nakimashita, "cried"), or 叫びました (sakemashita, "shouted") in place of 言いました (iimashita).
| Japanese | Romaji | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 先生は「分かりますか」と聞きました。 | Sensei wa "wakarimasu ka" to kikimashita. | The teacher asked, "Do you understand?" |
| 彼は「難しい」と思いました。 | Kare wa "muzukashii" to omoimashita. | He thought, "It's difficult." |
| 彼女は「うるさい!」と怒りました。 | Kanojo wa "urusai!" to okorimashita. | She got angry and said, "Shut up!" |
| 赤ちゃんは「お腹が空いた」と泣きました。 | Akachan wa "onaka ga suita" to nakimashita. | The baby cried, "I'm hungry." |
| 彼は「助けて!」と叫びました。 | Kare wa "tasukete!" to sakemashita. | He shouted, "Help!" |
| 友達は「本当?」と驚きました。 | Tomodachi wa "hontou?" to odorokimashita. | My friend was surprised and said, "Really?" |
| 母は「気をつけてね」と心配しました。 | Haha wa "ki wo tsukete ne" to shinpai shimashita. | My mother was worried and said, "Be careful." |
| 父は「疲れた」とため息をつきました。 | Chichi wa "tsukareta" to tameiki o tsukimashita. | My father sighed and said, "I'm tired." |
When converting from direct to indirect speech, pronouns and time expressions often need to be adjusted to reflect the speaker's current perspective. This is very important for clear communication.
For example:
Direct Speech: 私は「明日、映画を見に行きます」と言いました。 (Watashi wa "ashita, eiga o mi ni ikimasu" to iimashita.) I said, "I will go to see a movie tomorrow."
Indirect Speech: 私は明日、映画を見に行くといいました。(Watashi wa ashita, eiga o mi ni iku to iimashita.) I said that I will go to see a movie tomorrow. (Same subject). However, if someone else is reporting what "I" said:
Indirect Speech (Reported by someone else): 彼は、私が明日、映画を見に行くといいました。(Kare wa, watashi ga ashita, eiga o mi ni iku to iimashita.) He said that I will go to see a movie tomorrow.
Let's look at an example requiring more changes:
Direct Speech: 彼女は「私は今日、とても疲れています」と言いました。(Kanojo wa "watashi wa kyou, totemo tsukarete imasu" to iimashita.) She said, "I am very tired today."
Indirect Speech: 彼女は、その日とても疲れていると言いました。(Kanojo wa, sono hi totemo tsukarete iru to iimashita.) She said that she was very tired that day.
今日 (kyou, today) changes to その日 (sono hi, that day)私 (watashi, I) remains 彼女 (kanojo, she) as the subject of the main clauseMore Time Expression Examples:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| 今日 (kyou, today) | その日 (sono hi, that day) / 当日 (toujitsu, that day) |
| 明日 (ashita, tomorrow) | 次の日 (tsugi no hi, the next day) / 翌日 (yokujitsu, the following day) |
| 昨日 (kinou, yesterday) | 前の日 (mae no hi, the previous day) / 先日 (senjitsu, the other day) |
| 今 (ima, now) | その時 (sono toki, at that time) |
| 来週 (raishuu, next week) | 次の週 (tsugi no shuu, the next week) |
| 先週 (senshuu, last week) | 前の週 (mae no shuu, the previous week) |
Pronoun Examples:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech (Possible Changes) |
|---|---|
| 私 (watashi, I) | Depends on who is speaking/being spoken about. |
| あなた (anata, you) | Depends on who is speaking/being spoken about. |
| 彼 (kare, he) / 彼女 (kanojo, she) | Usually remains the same unless there's ambiguity. |
When reporting questions, the particle か (ka) is usually incorporated into the indirect speech.
Direct Question: 彼女は「元気ですか」と聞きました。(Kanojo wa "genki desu ka" to kikimashita.) She asked, "Are you well?"
Indirect Question: 彼女は、私が元気かどうか聞きました。(Kanojo wa, watashi ga genki ka dou ka kikimashita.) She asked if I was well. Or: 彼女は、私が元気か聞きました。(Kanojo wa, watashi ga genki ka kikimashita.) She asked if I was well.
If the question starts with a question word (何, 誰, いつ, どこ, etc.), that word is used in the indirect speech as well.
Direct Question: 彼は「どこに行きますか」と聞きました。(Kare wa "doko ni ikimasu ka" to kikimashita.) He asked, "Where are you going?"
Indirect Question: 彼は、私がどこに行くか聞きました。(Kare wa, watashi ga doko ni iku ka kikimashita.) He asked where I was going.
Using ~と言いました can sometimes lead to ambiguity if the context is not clear. To avoid this, add clarifying information.
For example, if you just say: 「彼は行くといいました。」(Kare wa iku to iimashita.) - "He said he would go." It's unclear where he's going.
Adding context: 「彼は、東京へ行くといいました。」(Kare wa, Tokyo e iku to iimashita.) - "He said he would go to Tokyo."
Adding more detail to who is reporting or hearing 「彼は、私に、東京へ行くといいました。」(Kare wa, watashi ni, Tokyo e iku to iimashita.) - "He said to me that he would go to Tokyo."
Try making your own sentences using ~と言いました、~と聞きました、~と思いました to report what someone said, asked, or thought! Experiment with direct and indirect speech, pronoun changes, and time expression adjustments. The more you practice, the more comfortable you will become with this important grammar point!