This lesson will teach you how to express obligations ("must do") and prohibitions ("must not do") in Japanese. These are fundamental patterns for daily conversations, rules, and instructions. We will cover:
~なければなりません expresses a duty, obligation, or necessity. It means "must," "have to," or "need to." The degree of obligation is fairly strong.
Verb (Dictionary) | Negative (ない) | Must (なければなりません) | Romaji Example | Translation |
---|---|---|---|---|
食べる (taberu) | 食べない | 食べなければなりません | tabenakereba narimasen | Must eat/have to eat |
行く (iku) | 行かない | 行かなければなりません | ikanakereba narimasen | Must go/have to go |
勉強する (benkyou suru) | 勉強しない | 勉強しなければなりません | benkyou shinakereba narimasen | Must study/have to study |
する (suru) | しない | しなければなりません | shinakereba narimasen | Must do/have to do |
来る (kuru) | 来ない (konai) | 来なければなりません | konakereba narimasen | Must come/have to come |
Example Sentences:
毎日日本語を勉強しなければなりません。
Mainichi nihongo o benkyou shinakereba narimasen.
(I must study Japanese every day.)
早く帰らなければなりません。
Hayaku kaeranakereba narimasen.
(I must go home early.)
明日、会議に行かなければなりません。
Ashita, kaigi ni ikanakereba narimasen.
(I must go to the meeting tomorrow.)
レポートを今日中に提出しなければなりません。 Repo-to o kyoujuu ni teishutsu shinakereba narimasen. (I must submit the report by the end of today.)
~なければなりません is a polite and formal expression.
A slightly less formal version, commonly used in speech, is ~なければいけません. The meaning is identical.
You can shorten ~なければいけません to ~なきゃいけない in very casual conversation. This is often used amongst close friends and family.
Another variation of the expression is ~ないといけない. It means the same thing as ~なきゃいけない but can sound more masculine.
When using ~なければなりません with adjectives and nouns + です, you need to conjugate です into the negative form でなければなりません.
Adjective + でなければなりません
Noun + でなければなりません
~てはいけません expresses a strong prohibition or something that is not allowed. It means "must not," "not allowed to," or "should not." The degree of prohibition is quite strong.
Verb (Dictionary) | Te-form | Must Not (てはいけません) | Romaji Example | Translation |
---|---|---|---|---|
食べる (taberu) | 食べて | 食べてはいけません | tabete wa ikemasen | Must not eat/Not allowed to eat |
行く (iku) | 行って | 行ってはいけません | itte wa ikemasen | Must not go/Not allowed to go |
話す (hanasu) | 話して | 話してはいけません | hanashite wa ikemasen | Must not speak/Not allowed to speak |
する (suru) | して | してはいけません | shite wa ikemasen | Must not do/Not allowed to do |
来る (kuru) | 来て (kite) | 来てはいけません | kite wa ikemasen | Must not come/Not allowed to come |
Example Sentences:
ここでタバコを吸ってはいけません。
Koko de tabako o sutte wa ikemasen.
(You must not smoke here.)
この部屋に入ってはいけません。
Kono heya ni haitte wa ikemasen.
(You must not enter this room.)
授業中に携帯電話を使ってはいけません。
Jugyou chuu ni keitai denwa o tsukatte wa ikemasen.
(You must not use your mobile phone during class.)
まだ子供だから、お酒を飲んではいけません。 Mada kodomo dakara, osake o nonde wa ikemasen. (Because you are still a child, you must not drink alcohol.)
While ~てはいけません is a strong prohibition, there are other ways to express prohibitions with varying degrees of politeness and strength.
~てはだめです (~te wa dame desu): This is a slightly softer way of saying "must not" compared to ~てはいけません. Dame means "no good" or "bad."
~てはならない (~te wa naranai): This is a very strong and formal prohibition, often used in written rules or laws. It conveys a very strict "must not." You will often hear this in movies or anime.
~ないでください (~nai de kudasai): This is a polite request not to do something. While not a direct prohibition, it strongly implies that something should not be done. It is constructed using the negative form of a verb + でください.
Let's create sentences using both patterns!
10時までに帰らなければなりません。
Juu-ji made ni kaeranakereba narimasen.
(I must go home by 10 o'clock.)
携帯電話を使ってはいけません。
Keitai denwa o tsukatte wa ikemasen.
(You must not use your mobile phone.)
明日、試験があるので、勉強しなければなりません。
Ashita, shiken ga aru node, benkyou shinakereba narimasen.
(I have to study because I have an exam tomorrow.)
病院で大声で話してはいけません。
Byouin de oogoe de hanashite wa ikemasen.
(You must not speak loudly in the hospital.)
授業に遅刻してはいけません。 Jugyou ni chikoku shite wa ikemasen (You must not be late for class.)
English | Japanese Pattern | Example (Japanese) | Romaji Example | Nuance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Must | ~なければなりません/~なければいけません/~なきゃいけない/~ないといけない | 行かなければなりません/行かなきゃいけない | ikanakereba narimasen/ikanakya ikenai | Strong obligation, formality varies. |
Must not | ~てはいけません/~てはだめです/~てはならない/~ないでください | 食べてはいけません/食べてはだめです | tabete wa ikemasen/tabete wa dame desu | Prohibition, strength varies. |
Noun + Must | Noun + でなければなりません | 学生でなければなりません | gakusei de nakereba narimasen | Strong obligation for a noun condition |
Adjective + Must | Adjective + でなければなりません | 静かでなければなりません | shizuka de nakereba narimasen | Strong obligation for an adjective condition |
Continue to practice using these grammar points to express your obligations and prohibitions effectively! Good luck!